Análise dos efeitos da marcha suspensa na atividade eletromiográfica dos membros inferiores e irradiação motora aos membros superiores em lesados medulares / Analysis of the effects of body weight-supported gait training on the electromyographic activity of the lower limbs and motor irradiation to the upper limbs in spinal cord injured patients

A reabilitação na esteira com suporte parcial de peso (ESPP) nos indivíduos lesados medulares pode reproduzir de modo passivo a marcha, proporcionando-lhes a descarga de peso em membros inferiores (MMII) e a manutenção da postura ortostática. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar se, durante a marcha passiva na ESPP, existe irradiação motora de MMII aos membros superiores. Foram selecionados três indivíduos do gênero masculino, com diagnóstico de Traumatismo Raquimedular baixo (T10 e L1), classificados como ASIA A com preservação parcial de raízes nervosas. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a uma avaliação passiva da marcha na ESSP, utilizando a avaliação eletromiográfica dos músculos: bíceps braquial (BB), reto femoral (RF) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) bilateralmente e a uma análise estatística, incluindo testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Levene, One way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey HSD. Na condição clínica de repouso, observou-se menor ativação dos músculos BB bilateralmente, quando comparado aos músculos RF e GL, fato justificado pelos comprometimentos secundários advindos da lesão dos indivíduos. As condições clínicas do ciclo da marcha (CM) repetiram-se três vezes; no CM1 observou-se uma maior ativação eletromiográfica do músculo GL direito e uma menor ativação do músculo BB direito, e estatisticamente, GL direito e BB esquerdo demonstraram maior atividade média (resultados estatisticamente significantes). No CM2 o mesmo padrão de ativação do CM1 foi observado, no entanto o músculo RF direito reduziu seu limiar de ativação. No CM3 os níveis de ativação das condições anteriores mantiveram-se, no entanto, o músculo RF esquerdo apresentou aumento nos limiares de ativação eletromiográfica, quando comparado aos demais músculos. Com base nestes resultados, o músculo BB apresentou variações quantitativas na ativação eletromiográfica, determinando a presença de irradiação motora de MMII para superiores durante o CM. Em uma análise qualitativa, foi observado que durante as fases de apoio da marcha houve "picos" de ativação deste músculo. [au]

Rehabilitation on the treadmill with partial body weight support (PBWS) in individuals with spinal cord injuries can passively reproduce gait, helping them with weight bearing on the lower limbs (LL) and orthostatic posture. The objective of the study was to assess motor irradiation from the lower limbs to the upper limbs during gait training with PBWS. The participants were three male individuals diagnosed with low spinal cord injury (T10 and L1), classified as ASIA A, with partial preservation of nerve roots. Subjects were submitted to gait training with PBWS and electromyographic assessment of the muscles Biceps brachii (BB), Rectus femoris (RF) and Lateral Gastrocnemius (LG) on both sides. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk and de Levene tests, One way ANOVA test and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. In the resting state, there was less activity of BB muscles on both sides when compared to the RF and LG, which can be explained by the secondary impairments arising from the individuals' injury. The gait cycle (GC) was repeated three times; in GC1 there was greater electromyographic activity in the right LG muscle and lower activity of the right BB muscle and, statistically, right LG and left BB showed higher mean activity (statistically significant results). In GC2, the same pattern of activity of GC1 was observed, but the right RF muscle reduced its activation threshold. In GC3, the activity levels of the previous cycles were maintained, but the left RF muscle showed an increase in the thresholds of electromyographic activation when compared to the other muscles. Based on these results, the BB muscle presented quantitative variations in electromyographic activation, demonstrating the presence of motor irradiation from LL to upper limbs during the GC. The qualitative analysis showed "peaks" of activity in this muscle mainly during the support phases of the gait training. [au]

Analysis of Endodontist Posture Utilizing Cinemetry, Surface Electromyography and Ergonomic Checklists

The postural risk factors for dentists include the ease of vision in the workplace, cold, vibration and mechanical pressure in tissues, incorrect posture, functional fixity, cognitive requirements and work-related organizational and psychosocial factors. The objective was to analyze the posture of endodontists at the workplace. Eighteen right-handed endodontists aged 25 to 60 years (34±3) participated in the study. Electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Couto's checklist) and biophotogrammetry were used to analyze the posture of endodontists during root canal treatment of the maxillary right first and second molars using rotary and manual instrumentation. The variations observed in the electromyographic activities during the performance of rotary and manual techniques suggest that the fibers of the longissimus region, anterior and medium deltoid, medium trapezium, biceps, triceps brachii, brachioradialis and short thumb abductor muscles underwent adaptations to provide more accurate functional movements. Computerized kinemetry and biophotogrammetry showed that, as far as posture is concerned, rotary technique was more demanding than the manual technique. In conclusion, the group of endodontists evaluated in this study exhibited posture disorders regardless of whether the rotary or manual technique was used.

Os fatores de risco posturais para cirurgiões dentistas incluem o acesso a visão no local de trabalho, frio, vibração, pressão mecânica nos tecidos, postura incorreta, alterações funcionais, requisitos cognitivos e fatores organizacionais e psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. O objetivo é analisar a postura dos endodontistas no local de trabalho. Participaram dezoito endodontistas destros com idades entre as idades de 25 e 60 anos (34±3). Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado a eletromiografia, cinemetria, escalas de ergonomia (do RULA e Couto checklist) e biofotogrametria para analisar a postura dos endodontistas durante o preparo químico-mecânico do sistema de canais radiculares para primeiros e segundos molares superiores direitos, utilizando a instrumentação rotatória e manual. As variações observadas nas atividades eletromiográficas durante a execução das técnicas rotatórias e manuais sugerem que as fibras da região dos músculos longuíssimo, deltóide anterior e médio, trapézio médio, bíceps, tríceps braquial, braquiorradial e músculos abdutores curtos do polegar passaram por adaptações para promover movimentos funcionais mais precisos. A cinemetria e biofotogrametria computadorizada mostraram que a técnica rotatória foi mais exigente da postura corporal do que a técnica manual. Em conclusão, os endodontistas estudados apresentaram distúrbios de postura, independentemente da técnica utilizada, rotatória ou manual.

Analysis of endodontist posture utilizing cinemetry, surface electromyography and ergonomic checklists.

The postural risk factors for dentists include the ease of vision in the workplace, cold, vibration and mechanical pressure in tissues, incorrect posture, functional fixity, cognitive requirements and work-related organizational and psychosocial factors. The objective was to analyze the posture of endodontists at the workplace. Eighteen right-handed endodontists aged 25 to 60 years (34±3) participated in the study. Electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Couto's checklist) and biophotogrammetry were used to analyze the posture of endodontists during root canal treatment of the maxillary right first and second molars using rotary and manual instrumentation. The variations observed in the electromyographic activities during the performance of rotary and manual techniques suggest that the fibers of the longissimus region, anterior and medium deltoid, medium trapezium, biceps, triceps brachii, brachioradialis and short thumb abductor muscles underwent adaptations to provide more accurate functional movements. Computerized kinemetry and biophotogrammetry showed that, as far as posture is concerned, rotary technique was more demanding than the manual technique. In conclusion, the group of endodontists evaluated in this study exhibited posture disorders regardless of whether the rotary or manual technique was used.